Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855), a Danish philosopher, theologian, and writer, is often hailed as the “father of existentialism.” His work explores themes of faith, individuality, and the struggles of human existence, leaving a profound influence on modern philosophy, psychology, theology, and literature. Living in 19th-century Copenhagen, Kierkegaard wrestled with questions about life, faith, and the human spirit, and he believed that true understanding was achieved through personal experience rather than objective reasoning. Through his unique writing style, often marked by irony and humor, Kierkegaard sought to challenge readers to confront life’s big questions in a deeply personal way.
Major Works of Kierkegaard
Kierkegaard’s most important works cover various aspects of existence and faith. He frequently wrote under pseudonyms to express different perspectives, thereby engaging readers in his complex thoughts on the subjective nature of truth. Here are some of his most influential books:
1. Either/Or (1843)
“Either/Or” is perhaps Kierkegaard’s most famous work, a sprawling philosophical text that contrasts two ways of life: the aesthetic and the ethical. Through pseudonyms—”A” and “Judge William”—Kierkegaard examines the lifestyle of personal pleasure and aesthetic enjoyment, set against a life grounded in ethical responsibility and commitment. The work explores themes of choice, freedom, and commitment, setting the foundation for Kierkegaard’s concept of “the leap of faith.” For Kierkegaard, life choices define us, and by choosing one path, we exclude others, shaping our identity and responsibility.
2. Fear and Trembling (1843)
In “Fear and Trembling,” written under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio, Kierkegaard explores the story of Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Isaac in obedience to God’s command. Kierkegaard wrestles with the concept of faith, particularly focusing on the paradox of faith as something that defies reason and yet holds the utmost importance in a believer’s life. The book introduces the concept of the “teleological suspension of the ethical,” where faith requires actions that transcend rational morality. This text is central to Kierkegaard’s philosophy of religious existentialism, as it delves into the personal, often solitary journey of true faith.
3. The Concept of Anxiety (1844)
In this work, Kierkegaard, under the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis, delves into the concept of anxiety as a fundamental part of the human condition. He describes anxiety as the “dizziness of freedom” and connects it to the biblical story of Adam and Eve. For Kierkegaard, anxiety arises from the potential for choice and freedom, making it a necessary condition for self-awareness and individual development. “The Concept of Anxiety” is regarded as an early work on the psychology of human emotion and a precursor to existential psychology.
4. Philosophical Fragments (1844)
Published under the pseudonym Johannes Climacus, “Philosophical Fragments” questions how true knowledge of God can be attained. Kierkegaard argues that truth isn’t merely discovered through rationality but requires a “leap” that moves beyond reason—into faith. This leap is central to his concept of “subjective truth,” where genuine understanding and belief are personal rather than objective or universally provable.
5. Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (1846)
This work, also attributed to Johannes Climacus, serves as a sequel to “Philosophical Fragments.” Here, Kierkegaard elaborates on the idea of subjectivity, arguing that “truth is subjectivity” and that the path to understanding one’s existence lies within the individual. The “Postscript” critiques systematic philosophy, asserting that philosophy cannot deliver ultimate answers to life’s questions and that each person must explore these answers individually.
6. The Sickness Unto Death (1849)
In “The Sickness Unto Death,” written under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus, Kierkegaard explores the nature of despair and the concept of the self. For Kierkegaard, despair is a condition that arises when individuals fail to align their lives with their authentic self. He describes despair as a sickness, a form of existential suffering resulting from not achieving unity between one’s finite and infinite aspects. This work deeply influenced later existential thinkers, particularly on themes of authenticity and self-realization.
7. Practice in Christianity (1850)
In “Practice in Christianity,” Kierkegaard takes on the pseudonym Anti-Climacus again to discuss the nature of being a true Christian. He critiques the established church and society’s superficial faith, emphasizing the challenges of genuinely following Christ. The book underscores Kierkegaard’s emphasis on a personal relationship with God, and it examines the idea of the “offense” of Christ—the inherent difficulty and radicalism of Christ’s teachings.
Kierkegaard’s Legacy and Influence
Kierkegaard’s ideas laid the groundwork for existential philosophy, influencing figures like Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, and Karl Jaspers, who expanded on his concepts of individuality, freedom, and choice. His exploration of faith and individual responsibility also inspired theologians, including Karl Barth and Paul Tillich. Kierkegaard’s writings continue to challenge readers to engage deeply with life’s uncertainties, to find meaning and purpose in the face of existential dread, and to live authentically.
In a world that often emphasizes conformity, Kierkegaard remains a voice advocating for personal truth, authentic choice, and the courage to confront life’s profound mysteries. His works encourage readers to engage with the tension between faith and doubt, freedom and responsibility, and the aesthetic and ethical dimensions of life.
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